The field of arts Essay Example for Free

The field of arts EssaySince my childhood long time, my passion in the field of arts, music and saltation has trained me to focus on my goals and filtrate for excellence. The skills that I have mastered in playing the flute and violin as well as in dancing were not learned overnight. It took many a(prenominal) years of hard work, discipline and determination to perfect my craft but the fulfillment was worth all the efforts that I have given when I performed on stage from the age of 4 to 17 years old and when I won first prize in the art contest when I was 6 years old. In my entry to the University of Southern California, I would apply the same discipline and drive in my studies so I abide earn a degree in Business Administration minor in Marketing. In the future, I would like to register a business related to music and dance and train children and young adults who are aspiring to be musicians, artist or dancers. I entrust also offer my services to the at-risk youth to keep them absent from criminal activities and to help them find meaning to their lives that will lead them to become contributing members of their communities.I protrude to turn my passion into a business that is wholeheartedly fulfilling and lived up to the saying of the 18th-century French philosopher, Denis Diderot that, only passions, great passions, can elevate the soul to great things. Being an international student in a outside country is a challenging experience. However, this will open doors to learn new things, and to meet a lot of people with diverse nationalities and cultures.As I choke and study in a foreign country, my knowledge and exposures in various areas of business will be enhanced and at the same era whenever time permits during summer and holiday breaks, I would like to volunteer my services to the animal shelters and learn about the business of establishing shelter homes for the animals. The United States is one of the major countries that is noteworthy for e xtending rights and protection to the animals.Establishing a foundation related to worldwide animal shelter is also a passion that I want to pursue after gaining years of work experience and after I have earned a Masters degree in Business Administration. I have heard a lot of abuses and neglect to animals in other countries. I want to be part of a worldwide campaign to end animal abuse and to proffer homes to the homeless and abandoned animals.The University of California is noted around the world for its excellent business programs. My studies in the field of business and marketing in the United States will provide me with the extensive knowledge that will help me fully understand the common problems that foreign business people encounter. This will also enable me to establish a network in preparation for my future business plans.Since I have good communication, organization and budgeting skills and love to be with people, I would like to constringe in marketing as I want to und erstand marketing management, consumer behavior, advertising, product research and development, competitive pricing, promotion and sales so I can effectively serve the needs of my clients. In addition, I would also like to learn about theories and practices of marketing and gain hands-on experience during my studies as the marshal School of Business recognizes the importance of integrating education with experience.The externship and internship programs will maximize my opportunity for professional development and will provide me with an edge in craft after graduation. The knowledge and experience that I will learn in the university will be applied in my country of birth where I plan to initially work in a company and establish a business and a foundation after getting a better ambit of the industry. This is my short and long term goals and I am determined to reach my goals after completing my studies in the prestigious University of Southern California.

In Broad Daylgith Essay Example for Free

In Broad Daylgith EssayIn Broad Daylight is ab step forward Mu Ying, nicknamed Old Whore. She has affairs with different workforce and is exotericly denounced and paraded before the community by the blushful concurs who travel from an early(a) city and happen to make out her bad name. Her dwarf peddler husband Meng Su tries to rescue her from the public humiliation, only to be humiliated himself by the Red Guards, the spectators and his wife as well. Finally, he is found crushed by a train, and Mu Ying lies alone at transport stop, deranged. Written from the point view of a naive boy, nicknamed fair Cat, Ha Jin intends to portray by means of untainted and authentic lens a Chinese fair sex with a self-awakening feminist consciousness who stands up for her sexuality. Turning point number one in the story is when the questioning of Mu Ying has started and has to confess her crimes of adultery with three other men. She then comes to the point where she explains the face of wanting a soldiery holding her with his strong arms very detailed.After Mu Ying describes this feeling of sexual need, a charr who is the mother of Bare Hips speaks from the front of the crowd and says You pose your own man, who doesnt lack an arm or a leg. Its wrong to have others men and more wrong to pocket their money (Jin 156). And on this moment Mu Ying is still recovering from a punch of the Red Guards and still replies with a smirk on her face looking mint on her husband I have my own man? (Jin 156). My man is nothing. He is no good, I mean in bed. He always comes before I feel some(prenominal)thing (Jin 156).As a central focus of the public denunciation, Mu appeared to be rather calm when she was caught at home. She incomplete protested nor said a word, but followed the Red Guards quietly. In her eyes, these Red Guards were only a group of children. She did not expect that the join forces of the Red Guards and the revolutionary pot in the town would be tremendous en ough to put her in destruction more importantly, she did not think that her behavior had violated any pattern or law. When her husband appealed to the Red Guards, she stared at him without a word, and a faint smile passed the corners of her mouth.In her yes, the behavior of her impotent husband is pedantic and ridiculous. When the Red Guard asked her why she seduced men and paralyze heir revolutionary will with your bourgeois poison (156), she responded rather calmly with a rhetorical question, Ive never invited any man to my home, have I? (Jin 156). When several women hissed in the crowd, she even tried to persuade them by citing her own experience Sisters, she spoke aloud.All right, it was wrong to remainder with them. But you all know what it feels like when you want a man, take int you? Dont you once in a while have that feeling in your bones? Contemptuously, she looked at the few withered middle-aged women standing in the front row, then closed her eyes. Oh, you want that r eal man to have you in his arms and let him touch every part of your body. For that man alone you want to blossom into a womanhood, a real woman (Jin 156). As a group of juveniles, White Cat and his companions know little about the adult life. This limitation makes their participation a journey of discovery. When adults burst out laughing at Mu Yings assertion of her husbands impotence, the teenagers appeared to be puzzled. The dialogue between them shows this point clearly Whats that?Whats so left(p)? Big Shrimp asked Bare Hips. You didnt get it? Bare Hips said impatiently. You dont know anything about what happens between a man and a woman. It means that whenever she doesnt want him to come close to her he comes. Bad timing. It doesnt sound like that, I said (Jin 157). Obviously, Bare Hips does not know any more than Big Shrimp though his impatient tone tries to conceal this ignorance. Ignorant as he is, Bare Hips makes so bold as to cry at Mu Ying, Shameless Old Whore (Jin 154). Impossible to perceive, the innocent children are acting the role of accomplice in the public denunciation against Mu.Their thoughts and behaviors observable the influence they have taken from their parents. In this sense, the innocent teenagers have degenerated from lovely angels to dreadful demons. This is a turning point because when the red guards pulled Mu Ying out of her house and started patrolling her through the city streets to get her to the school yard to sentence her, her husband came running from a street corner begging to let Mu Ying go Please dont take her away. Its my fault. I havent disciplined her well. Please give her a change to be a new person. I promise, she wont do it again (Jin 155).And even though I have a feeling Mu Ying does not take the Red guards judging protocol as a serious punishment at that point, once she has confessed everything it all gets to her. That is when she gets the feeling that she really has humiliated and hurt her husband, because she is looking for him later she got hit with an ink bottle, only to find that he suddenly left the scene. That is the point she says she does not want to be punished after all and promises to punter herself. What I saw as turning point number two becomes clear in the last paragraph, which means I did not see that really as the conclusion.It is the scene where Mu Ying is lying alone at the bus stop, saying Take me home. Oh, help me. Who can help me? Where are you? Why dont you come and carry me home (Jin 156). It is a perfect example of You dont know what you have until it is gone. The second train that used its steam snout killed the husband of Mu Ying and made her a widow and truly alone. What I mean with that is that Mu Ying already felt alone because her man was not good enough for her. This feeling of loneliness combined with her husbands underachieving partly lead to her committing adultery.Now with her husband dead, she finally exactly knows what it actually means to be a lone. But further the story clearly shows that her husband saved her live once, after she was raped and now he again tries to get her off the hook, by taking the blame. Her grievance against men because of this rape is probably the other part of why she turned to adultery. It is almost shocking to observe that Mu Ying herself is not punished as the Old Whore, where Meng Su did not only try to take the blame, but also gets himself punished like in Old China.While the Red Guards only make her walk down every street saying the words I am an evil monster (Jin 160), instead of burning her alive, Meng Su is beheaded like in the old days. I strongly felt a parallel between the blare of horns announcing the beheading of Mu Yings husband. In Ha Jins story, the rough death of Meng Su, the husband, constitutes an unscheduled event, which brings White Cat and his companions to the violence of the adult world. The public denunciation of Mu Ying was no longer a thrilling scene, but something th at touched them to their souls, evoking their introspection or maybe disenchantment about the world.Bare Hipss vomiting is a strong signal, indicating the shocking effect that the violence may have brought to him. After the shocking experience, they are no longer innocent adolescences, but adults struggling at the verge of understanding. This whole story turned out like a gruesome, tragic circle of distress and unanswered love to me. I think Meng Su loved Mu Ying dearly, but couldnt take her grudge against men away that she got from the rape by the Russians. Imaginably, as a victim of the gang rape, she must have experienced a hard prison term of being treated with disdain.Instead of being hit to death by the accident, she has walked out of the shadow of the concept of chastity, and began to enjoy the pleasure of the flesh as well as economic benefits brought about by men, the invader of her virginity. The bitter time she has experienced has actually hardened her heart and paved the way for her further self-liberation, both physically and spiritually. Meng Su couldnt cope with not saving her from the shame that the Red Guard trial put on her and killed himself, leaving his beloved Mu Ying really alone and helpless at the bus stop.

Principles of social control theory

Principles of companionable take in theorySocial Control Theories.Many criminological theories always explain why do deal commit abuse, or to find out what be the most influential f influenceors motivate people commit crime and violate the social norms. Instead, social control theories fork over been already assumed humans be potenti exclusivelyy committing crime. Moreover, the social control or social bond theory is emphasizing why a person do not be a criminal. In social control theorists assumptions, individuals take aim the capacity to violate the laws rather than obey the laws. Law-abiding behaviors argon not the spirit of human cosmoss. People demand to commit crime because the forces or constrains of society is not strongest enough. It portrays people atomic number 18 standing in the dilemma between departure and shape. It shows the tension of everyone either commit deviant act or accepts the norms. thitherfore, social control theorists propose a few elements to pull people back from the side of meat of deviance, especially kind, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs. Family and peer group become a crucial agencies that affect peoples conduct.Albert J ReissThe understanding of those early control theorists arguments are very important because they presented a framework or some basic propositions within the many theories of delinquency and crime. Each social control theorist had similarly been done an empirical analyze of their findings to support their point of views. Starting from an article wrote by Albert J Reiss (1951), his argument might be reproduced from Freuds concept of ego or superego of importly. He aims at noticing the foresight of probation revocation among juvenile offenders. He thought youths have a lower personal controls that might to a greater extent than likely to become juvenile delinquency. That is, those younger people lack of ability to refrain from desiring their needs when having conflict with the rules or norms of the society. Nevertheless, his explanation of juvenile delinquency is weak when discussing the relationship between probation revocation and school mental process as truancy.Jackson TobyIn 1957, Jackson Toby, a second social control theorist, offered a new concept called stake in conformity which as the fundamental mechanism to affect delinquents comportment. He also agreed that people are intrinsically and temptingly rupturing the laws, especially all youths. Some of them are having a high risk of the violation of laws due to this temptation. He believes students perform well in school not only they are being penalize by school, but also endanger their future chances of success. Under the special faculty member-oriented circumstance, if the society allows students having a better career form when they got an excellent school leave alone therefore, some students who do poorly in school might have a great chance of committing crime because they seems lose lesser things than others. Apart from the academic result of an individual is an influential factor, peer support for deviant act could curb those youths with low stakes in conformity as well. However, even youths have low stake in conformity, they are not become delinquents when lacking of peer support.F. Ivan NyeIn 1958, Nye then concentrated on the issue of family relationship. He though that family is a single most crucial root of social control for adolescents. He divided diffent forms of control such as direct control, internal control, and mediate control. Direct control means the obvious restriction or punishments of a person. Internal control refered to a inward monitor or consciences. Indirect control linked to affectional or emotional identification with parents, noncriminals or legal codes. He stated that if all the above controls are sufficient, then those adolescents are more conform the rules of society. Nyes study had been tested by an empircal experiment. However, his experime nt had been challenged by Toby already. First, altough Nye called the attempt group as most delinquent, but many criminologist called them nondelinquents. Due to the sample group was selected in high school which was not included any youths age 15 or younger, and any youths age 16 with dropped out of school. Furthermore, the questions being asked in questionnaires were too trivial such as taking things worth less than $2, and damaging public or private property. Therefore, Nye cannot recognize the strongly relationship between family bonding and serious delinquent behaviours.Walter C. RecklessIn 1961, another social control theorist called Reckless, who proposed a containment theory. The main concept is that all individuals are influenced by different forces such as social pressure, social pulls, biological/ psychological pushes. Those forces are driving people to commit deviant act. However, these forces are againsted by both external and inner containments. For instance, social p ressure can be defined as living conditions, family conflict, minority group, status, and lack of opportunities. Then the term social pulls is refered to the accepted norm of all individuals from their companions, criminal subculture, mass media and so on. Biological or psychological pushes can be easily linked to how those biological and psychological factors affect people fail to conform the norms of society, such as restlessness, inner tension, aggressiveness and so on. On the contrary, external containment is talking about the surroundings of a person. For instance, how parents or support groups promote right moral values, discipline, enforce the sense of identity and so on. Moreover, inner containment are those invisible stuffs which internalized our self-control that related to how the goals/ abilities of a person against to commit crime.David Matza Travis HirschiMatzas Delinquency and Drift (1964) and Hirschis Causes of Delinquency (1969) also advoacted two famous concepts i n the later development of control theories. Alternatively, Matza has been already protraried the image of drifter. accent how social conditions shape people become a drifter. (However, he did not mention about what kinds of constraints and control that keep youngsters from drifting.) In Hirschis theory, he proposed four main social bonds that could determine ones involvement in delinquency, namely attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. Attachment contains the interpersoanl and emotional bonds among others, especially parents and teachers. Commitment refers to how youths make use of the time, energy, effort expended in traditional path of success, such as saving money for the future and abtaining a high academic qualification. Involvement means the degree of ones involvement in those conventional activities, such as school, recreation, and family. Due to society go out share common moral values normally, therefore, beliefs of a person are very important. People might mor e easily commit criminal act if these moral values are absent or weakened. In short, Hirschis social bond theory emphasized all people are potential criminals, however, people will conform the norm or obey the law because they do not want to destroy the bondings with others.CriticismsThere are few criticisms on social control theory. First, according to the assumption of it, social control theorists assumed human are potential law-violators. What if the youths commit crime just because they are fun? Another issuse is that such theories cannot be explained the causes of gang delinquency and adult criminality. Furthermore, most studies were referring the involvement of trivial offenses of nondelinquent youths. Hirschi also confessed that delinquents actually active agent in conventional events, which rejected his original theory (Vold Bernard, 1986).Social Learning perspectivesEdwin SutherlandDifferential Association Theory was the most direct and clear theory that proposed by Edwin Sutherland in 1947 from social encyclopedism perspectives. In 1978, Sutherland and Cressey consisted nine propositions of Differential Association Theory1. Criminal behaviour is learned2. Criminla behaviour is learned in fundamental interaction with other persons in a process3. The principal part of the instruction of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups4. When criminal behaviour is learned, the learning includes techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple the specific direction of the motives, drives, rationlization, and attitudes5. The specific directions of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favourable or reproving6. The person becomes delinquent because of an excess of favourable definitions to violation of law over unfavourable definitions to law-violation7. Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.8. Process of learning crimina l behaviour by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms involved in any other learning9. While criminal act is an structure of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values (Sutherland Cressey, 1978, pp.80-82.)Here will be discussed each propositions respectively. First, it is clearly stated that criminal act is not inborn which is learned. Then, Sutherland provided how people learned to become delinquent which is learned in interaction with others, especially family, friends, and colleagues. Also, techniques of commiting crime are needed which are sometimes quite complicated/simple such as how to unlock a safe or steal a car on the street. Moral justifications also crucial that make people think their acts are reasonable. For example, a poor person steal foods in supermarket because they do not have money to bribe enough foods to their sons. Therefore, they will justify they act as make sense. Fifth, it refers to the views of legal codes from an individiuals. The person may not want to obey the law because such laws are just controlling him/her, and killing his/her free will. The favourable definitions of law violation and the unfavourable definitions of law violation are two sides on the balance that lead a person commit crime if the favourable definitions of law violation is excess. Moreover, how often are criminal contacts made, how long do the contacts last, and how significant to the individual are the criminal contacts are always being considered. Sutherland (1978) also though that there will be greater the chance to commit crime if people have been contacted criminals since early childhood. Role modeling or direct teaching is another way to learn the criminal acts. In chinese words, that means one who mixes with orange red will turn red, one who touches pitch shall be defiled therewith which implies good companions have good influence while grim ones have bad influence. La w-violation behaviours cannot be explained by fulfilling those general needs becauses those criminal acts are illogical. In brief, he emphasized the the significance of personal contact, and all individuals are follower.CriticismsThere will be discussed a few main critiques of this theory. Differential association theory neglected that why some youths seems exposed to delinquent definitions, but finally they choose to stop the delinquent acts. Another major criticism is the problem of the principle differential association, which assumes criminal behaviours to be rational and systematics. However, this theory is very hard to illustrate the acts of those psychopathic killing or serial rapists (Sigel, 2009). Also, delinquents might seek like-minded peers rather than follow others which drafted another relationship between deviant peers and criminality.

Economy Of South Africa Economics Essay

Economy Of South Africa Economics EssaySouth Africas preservation is the capaciousst in Africa and is 24 of its gross domestic product in terms of PPP.A quarter of the population is unemployed and real unemployment rove is 40. South Africa has a comparative advantage in agriculture, mining and various manufacturing products. It has shifted from a primary and secondary economy to an economy driven primarily by the tertiary sector which accounts for an estimated 65% of GDP. Its economy is fair diversified with key stinting sectors including mining, agriculture and fishery, vehicle manufacturing and assembly, food- cognitive processing, clothing and textiles, telecommunication, energy, financial and business services, real estate, tourism, transportation, and wholesale and retail flip.The unemployment rate is over 25%, and the worthless have limited access to economic opportunities. Including this many have it offs such as crime, have in turn hurt investment funds and harvest-f estival, having a negative emergence on employment. Crime is considered a major constraint on investment. South Africa has struggled through the late 2000s recession, and the recovery has been largely led by private and everyday consumption growth, while export volumes and private investment have yet to fully recover. The long-term potential growth rate of South Africa under the modern policy environment has been estimated at 3.5%.Per capita GDP growth has proved mediocre, though improving, growing by 2.2% over the 2000-09 decade.This is a table of the trend of South Africas primitive domestic product at market prices estimated by theInternational financial FundYearGDP, USD blnUS Dollar Exchange in early JanuaryUnemployment ratePer Capita Income,% of USA198080.5470.8267 Rand9.222.6198557.2732.0052 Rand15.59.81990111.9982.5419 Rand18.813.11995151.1173.5486 Rand16.713.22000132.9646.1188 Rand25.68.52005246.9565.6497 Rand26.712.42010363.6557.462 Rand24.915.52015 (fcast)510.93722.81 8.0Economic overview of South Africa (Sector wise)Natural resourcesMining has been the main driving force behind the history and development of Africas most advanced and richest economy. Large master mining started with the discovery of a diamond on the banks of the Orange River in 1867 by Erasmus Jacobs and the subsequent discovery and exploitation of the Kimberley pipes. The Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the subsequent speedy development of the gold field are the biggest of all. Though minings contri aloneion to the national GDP has fallen from 21% in 1970 to 6% in 2011, it represents 60% of exports. The mining sector accounts for up to 9% of value added.In 2008, the expanses estimated share of earthly concern platinum production amounted to 77% kyanite and other materials, 55% chromium, 45% palladium, 39% vermiculite, 39% vanadium, 38% zirconium, 30% manganese, 21% rutile, 20% ilmenite, 19% gold etc. It also accounted for nearly 5% of the worlds polished diamond production. The countrys share of world reserves of platinum metals amounted to 89% hafnium, 46% zirconium, 27% vanadium, 23% manganese, 19% rutile, 18% fluorspar, 18%. It is worlds third largest exporter of coal.Agriculture and food processingThe agricultural manufacturing contributes 10% of formal employment, relatively subaltern compared to other parts, as well as providing work for laborers and contributing 2.6% of GDP. Due to the aridity of the land, besides 13.5% can be used for crop production. Agriculture sector face problems of increased foreign competition and crime. Maize production, which contributes to a 36% has also experienced negative effectuate due to climate change.South Africas critical exports include edible fruit and nuts, beverages, preserved food, tobacco, cereals, wool , miscellaneous food, sugar, meat, milling products and starch. Important imports include cereals, meat, soya-bean oil color cake, soya-bean oil and its fractions, tobacco, palm oil and its fractions, spi ces, coffee, tea, and preserved food. The competitive pressures from China and India endpointed in decline of exports for the food, textiles and paper sub-sectors.ManufacturingThe manufacturing industry contributes just 13.3% of jobs and 15% of GDP. Labor comprises are low, and the cost of the transport, communications and general living is higher. The automotive industry is about 10% of South Africas manufacturing exports, contributes 7.5% to the countrys GDP. BMW, Ford, Volkswagen, Daimler-Chrysler, General Motors and Toyota all have production plants in South Africa and the large component manufacturers are Arvin Exhaust, Bloxwitch, Corning and Senior Flexonics. Companies producing in South Africa can take advantage of low production costs and access to new markets due to trade agreements with the European Union and the Southern African Development Community.Service industryTelecommunications infra construction provides efficient service to urban areas as to cellular and intern et services. In 1997, Telkom, was partly privatised and entered into a strategic equity partnership with SBC, a U.S. telecommunications company. In exchange of providing certain services for 5 years, Telkom assumed an obligation to facilitate earnings modernisation and expansion into the unserved areas. Five companies provides service to 20 million subscribers and South Africa considered to have the 4th most advanced mobile telecommunications network worldwide.Business process outsourcingSouth Africa and particularly the mantle Town region established itself as a successful Call center and business process outsourcing destination with a highly talented pool of productive labor. The Carphone warehouse, Delta airlines and others have established inbound call centers within Cape Town as a means of utilizing Cape Towns low labor costs and talented labor.TourismSouth Africa is a popular tourist destination, with around 860,000 arrivals per month. Revenue equaling between 1% and 3% of G DP is generated by the tourism industry. Among the main attractions are the picturesque culture, the game reserves and local wines.Financial servicesThe country has a sophisticated financial structure with the JSE Securities Exchange, a large and active stock exchange in terms of total market capitalization as of March 2009. The banking industry regulated by the South African Reserve Bank is dominated by four local players Nedbank, ABSA, Standard Bank and First Rand. Banks operating in South Africa, when left field with short of liquidity, need to borrow from the SARB at a fluctuating repo rate.Income DistributionSouth Africa is affected by vast differences in incomes and wealth. The high level of general income inequality has accentuated the countrys Gini coefficient increased by four percentage points, and income has concentrated in the top decile. Rural mendicancy rates remain higher than those in urban areas, urban poverty rates are rising and rural rates seem to be falling. B etween-race inequality also remains a central issue and many blacks in the country still live in poverty.National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data suggests that 47% of South Africans live below the poverty line 56% of blacks live in poverty compared to 2% of whites. Human Poverty Index ranked South Africa 85 out of 135 countries. A 2011 study published by the University of Cape Town found that nearly 40% are black, where this group had once been almost exclusively white. While only 29% of the absolute wealthiest South Africans are black, this jumps to 50% among the entry-level.Current Economic scenario TrendsMonetary PolicyThe primary objective of monetary policy in the country is to achieve and maintain price stability and balanced economic development. Price stability reduces uncertainty and therefore, provides a favourable environment for growth and employment. Moreover low inflation contributes to the protection of the purchasing power of all South Africans specially poor. The Bank has full operational autonomy. Monetary policy is set by the Banks Monetary Policy Committee,which conducts monetary policy within a flexibleinflation-targeting framework andit allows for inflation to be out of the target range as a result of first-round effects of a supply shock. This flexibility does not relieve the Bank of its responsibility with respect to returning inflation to within the target range but allows for interest rate smoothing over the cycle.GDP Growth point of South AfricaGDP % (Yearly)Year1999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011GDP %0.632.631.93.54.955.13.1-1.82.83.1Inflation Rate of South AfricaInflation rate (consumer prices) (%)Year1999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011Inflation rate5.55.35.89.95.94.5456.511.37.24.55Unemployment Rate of South AfricaUnemployment rate (%)Year199920002001200320042005200620072008200920102011Unemployment rate (%)3030373726.226.625.524.322.92423.324.9Imports of South AfricaImports (Billion $)Year1999 20002002200320042005200620072008200920102011Imports2627.628.126.633.8939.4252.9761.5390.5766.0177.04102.6Exports of South AfricaExports (Billion $)Year199920002002200320042005200620072008200920102011Export2830.832.331.836.7741.9750.9159.1586.1266.5476.86104.5Foreign Exchange rates in South Africa (Dec., 2012)Tthe comparison of South African rand with top ten countries as per trade.South African Rand1.00 ZARinv. 1.00 ZAREuro0.08759511.416206US Dollar0.1145458.730185British Pound0.07107714.06928Indian rupee6.2042470.16118Australian Dollar0.1092179.156089Canadian Dollar0.113488.8121Emirati Dirham0.4207362.37679Swiss Franc0.1061769.418325Chinese Yuan Renminbi0.713491.401561Malaysian Ringgit0.3490722.864742foreign Direct investmentForeign direct investment flows to South Africa from 43.6% in the first half of 2012 compared to the same period last year, while FDI rose by 5%. The decline in FDI to Africas biggest economy came amid an 8% drop in global FDI inflows because of heightened glob al economic uncertainty.The report said FDI inflows to South Africa fell to $1.7-billion in the first six months of 2012 , reflecting sluggish domestic economic growth as well as a slowdown in developed economies. The IMF forecasts South African GDP growth of 2.6% this year, and recently cut its 2013 growth forecast to 3% from a July task of 3.3%, due to its close links to struggling Europe. The IMF has also trimmed its 2012 forecast for Africa to 5% from 5.4% but raised its projection for 2013 to 5.7% from 5.3%.SOUTH AFRICA BALANCE OF TRADECUsersMicrosenseDesktopsouth-africa-balance-of-trade.pngSOUTH AFRICA INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIONCUsersMicrosenseDesktopsouth-africa-industrial-production.pngIndustrial Production in South Africa increased 2.50 percent in October of 2012 over the same month in the previous year. Industrial Production in South Africa is reported by the Statistics South Africa. In South Africa, industrial production measures the output of businesses integrated in industr ial sector of the economy such as manufacturing, mining, and utilities.

Causes Of Mental Health And Bullying In Prison Criminology Essay

Causes Of amiable Health And Bullying In Prison Criminology EssayPrisons as places of deprivation of liberty capture existed since time immemorial, yet prison houses as we know them today places where offenders argon sent by the Criminal Justice System as a visitment for their deportment -are a product of the industrial age (Maguire et al, 2005). Ideally the reason behind the imprisonment is concord to Section 142 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (cited in Elliott and Quinn) to punish ,deter and rehabilitate the offender . The main aims of these three areas is concerned with the recognition that the criminal has done something wrong. It then locates them in an institution which by taking away their shrivedom, is knowing to deter them from further offences upon release, punish them for the offence already committed, and then tries to rehabilitate them, so that they are less likely to commit further offences upon release, either because they hit the books to see the harm they have caused, or because, through education and training, they find other ways to spend their time. The process of rehabilitation would change them into law unchanging citizens. What is more it is believed that it would persuade other potential criminals that such activates are not beneficial in other words it would deter people from committing further aversion ( Elliott and Quinn,2008). While in theory such an idea seems to perfectly fit the purpose of punishment, in practice signifi cigarett amounts of negative experience such as intensive growth of bullying and moral health problems, are present within the prisons environment, together with overcrowding and poor living conditions, failing to deliver the successful affect of such a plan (Elliot and Quinn, 2008). The aim of this essay is to compare and contrast causes of mental health and bullying in prison, as well as bring out any, if possible, links between bullying and mental health among prisonersFarrington defined bull ying as the repeated oppression of a less powerful person by a more powerful one. He claimed that it usually includes three different elements. The first element includes physical , verbal or psychological attack with figure to cause harm , fear or distress . The second is an imbalance of power , where a more powerful person is oppressing the less powerful one, and third it includes a continuous series of incidents between these same people over some period of time. moral health is defined in Section 1(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983 as Mental illness, arrested or in completed schooling of mind, psychopathic disorder and another disorder or disabilities of mind. Although as shown above there is a huge difference in what constitutes bullying and mental health, there is no doubt that both of them scum bag be caused by like factors such as social and environmental causes (for example overcrowding) , physical causes and psychological causes(Ireland,2002 WHO, 1998).The physical environment in prisons such as overcrowding, quality of accommodation, availability of striking with friends and family, lack of stimulation in the form of activities , whitethorn have an impact on the prisoners mental health as well as contributing to the development of bullying in prison. According to Maguire et al. () the imprisonment rate in England and Wales is the broad(prenominal)est in Western Europe, and according to the official prison statistics for England and Wales the total prison population has change magnitude from around fifty-one thousand in 1995 to over eighty-four thousand in 2009. What is more overcrowding in prisons whitethorn leave to increased depression, stress, boredom and restless breakdown, leading to serious breaches of prison discipline, violence and riots. The cause of prison overcrowding and an increase in the prison population is a result of a greater deem of convictions and the absence of the availability of prisons places. Further equally im portant factors are change in criminal justice policy, tightening of sanctions, resulting in longer prison sentences. reducing funds for the prison also indirectly cause aggression among prisoners.(though lessstaff, causingtensionamongoverworkedstaff, which then affects the inmates). Prisons have a limited capacity, and the prisoners have trusted rights that should not be violated. Factors such as lack of liberty, as in many of the prisons where prisoners are locked-up for twenty three hours a day, lack of, or limited, discourse with friends and family , usually without any privacy, all contribute to the problem. What is more, prisons take away the prisoners free exit. They feces no longer freely decided where to live, with whom to associate and how to fill their free time and must follow the discipline imposed by prison rules and prison officers.Physical causes such as their individual characteristics or biological piss may have some influence on the causes of bulling and men tal health in prisons. According to Ireland (2002) prisoners mostly come from social environments where emphasis is placed on toughness and the ability to protect oneself and when seeing prison these characteristics are magnified. However such behaviour while being in prison may be linked with bullying other usually weaker and disturbed inmates ( Irleand, 2002) According to Farrington () the people who tend to bully are more likely to have children who will be bullies, and people who tend to be the victims of bullying tend to have children who will become the victim of bullying. The same may apply to prison inmates who tend to be weak, with low self-esteem and with a low capacity for coping with the prison environment and they are more likely to become victims of bullying than people who are characterized as strong , confident and aggressive. Also individual genetic make-up might put some prisoners more at risk than others to suffer from mental illness or become victims of bullying because they are less able to adapt or cope with certain environments or they become one of the bullies as they possess the physical skills which give prisoners the ability to bully others physically , verbally or indirectly. Moreover those suffering from any injuries while being in prison, which may have been caused by being involved in a fight with another prisoner, can also experience changes to their personality and in some cases may cause the beginning of schizophrenia, psychosis or self harm.Psychological factors such as a prisoners emotional and mental state of mind , especially when the prisoner has undergo any form of physical or sexual abuse or there have been any other potentially traumatic events in the late(prenominal) can affect his behaviour in prison. While there is a huge proportion of prisoners suffering from such trauma prior to imprisonment, many will experience such trauma as an effect of imprisonment (Crighton and Towl, 2008). Generally prisons are harsh pla ces , where discipline and routine are the essence of daily life history causing being in prison to be a stressful experience . Additionally according to (Crighton and Towl, 2008) prisoners appear to be at a high level of risk with factors associated with poor traumatic responses from childhood onwards. . Psychological factors especially emotional responses (Irleand, 2002) in terms of bullying will probably be heightened for the victims . Prisons can be aggressive and threatening environments especially for the first time prisoners . They may be fearful of what may happen to them. Undeniably fear is seen as a necessary component in definitions of bullying in the prison environment. Moreover fear may impact prisoners other emotions such as anxiety, nervousness and feelings of lowliness which may display behaviourally through self harm or social avoidance.Despite the similarities in causes for mental health and bullying in prison we can also see differences . One of them is unquestio nable the difference between the definition of mental health and the definition of bullying. Likewise once in prison , prisoners enter a highly structured social environment that negotiates for power and dominance, where dominance over other weaker inmates is one way of gaining acceptance , satisfaction , status and value among other prisoners. Hence bullying is often seen as a normal part of prison life that helps to gain this dominance over other inmates. moreover bullies who remain at the top of the hierarchy among other inmates, through their dominance will often get other prisoners to run errands and do jobs for them which are against prison regime, and so they can remind unidentified and hence will not be punished . While the condition of an individuals mental health consists of a material body of different factors and elements. mental health is primarily our resistance to all of our difficult situations , events, phenomena and our emotional and psychological survival partly depends upon an individuals ability to tolerate the deprivations of prison. Additionally according to Viggiani (2007) most prisoners come from the poorest or most socially excluded tiers of society and often have the greatest health needs. Prison may therefore be the beat out place to send them given that, in the main, they are likely to be highly vulnerable or susceptible to poor health, hence mental disorders. Mental disorder may also be the cause of committing the offence, and hence imprisonment. As Rubin (1972398 cited in) says certain mental disorders are characterized by some kind of unkept , bizarre, agitated, threatening, frightened, panicked, paranoid or impulsive behaviours and as a consequence they may lead to inappropriate , anti-social or dangerous acts. Individual mental health may be managed and treated either by medication or different treatment programs (handbook), while in order to prevent bullying prisons should focus on making changes to the prisons environmen t which would include changing the supervision of the prisoners area, increased security for controlling and monitoring, educating staff and prisoners about bullying, improving communication between prison staff, or even increasing the stimuli for prisoners. This include raising the number and qualities of activities and programs available for prisoners.Undoubtedly, despite the similarities and differences between bullying andmental health, one may lead to the other ( Ireland, 2002 Farrington,.) . As mentioned above bullying constitutes aggressive behaviour in which an individual manipulates and dominates others in order to obtain a goal, whether it is social or material. In order to severalise the behaviour as bullying it must represent repeated and unprovoked acts of aggression , which include physical , verbal or psychological attack (Irleand,2002 Farrington, .). hence bulling can cause immediate harm and distress to victims and have negative consequences on their mental health . Victims may feel psychologically or physically stressed and experience pain, and prisoners who have been the victims of bullying may experience a range of feelings such as anger, fear, anxiety ,paranoia , distress, hopelessness or depression (Ireland,2002) which can lead to avoidance, social isolation and therefore mental illness in prisoners.In conclusion despite the idea that prisons should rehabilitate and change offenders into law abiding citizens, we can see that prison is a modern form of slavery no matter what its ideological justification is. Prisoners mental health and bullying is a developing problem in prisons . Instead of rehabilitating and changing prisoners into well managed and well behaved citizens, in many cases it changes them into more aggressive and troublesome inhabitants very often with physical and mental problems, which makes it harder for them to reintegrate with the society and with present times.

Illegal Immigration Essay -- Immigrants Aliens USA Mexicans

Illegal immigrationOne of the most controversial political issues of today is that of outlawed immigrants from Mexico. Illegal immigration into the coupled States is a problem that should be stopped, as it is unfair to both Americans and to the people of the country from which they viciously immigrated. It is thought that the majority of illegal aliens residing in the U.S. are Mexicans (Anderson 55). Roy Beck clarifies the situation by stating, The national consensus is that the United States should be a post-mass immigration country has included most leaders of business, religion, labor, academia, and social work. Illegal immigration from Mexico must be stopped by promoter of different policies and other methods of prevention, because the effects on both Mexico and the United States are predominately unfavorable. T here are multiple policies and means of preventing illegal immigrants from entering the United States. Immigration laws are the back bone of illegal immigration pre vention. Proposition 187 is a tough immigration law clamping down on illegal aliens, used in California. It doubled the number of boarder guards, made it harder for legal immigrants to bring their families over, not permitting as much political help and was harder on illegal aliens already here (DiConsiglio 3). NAFTA, officially, hasnt reduced as much illegal immigration as had been hoped, but, it helped Mexico recover faster from its economic crisis in 94-95, which has stopped a big flood of people, since most immigrants tend to come to the U.S. in times of Mexican economic depression (Mexico 2). The major reason Mexicans tend to illegally immigrate is to abide by line of productss. Therefore, elimination of the chance of them getting a job would be a problem. A bill shown to the House, by California would let the employer enter a job applicants social security number over the phone to receive confirmation, of a persons official citizenship (DeMott 31). That would work in conne ctive with the need for proper documentation to be shown to employer for current verification of legal citizenship, limiting their job opportunities and thus discouraging them from ever illegally immigrating. The Border patrol is the most effective and widely used form of prevention. It is an agency of Immigration and Naturalization, that is charged with detecting and preventing illegal passage to the... ...ent crimes, twice as many unemployed, more(prenominal) than twice the welfare dependency, and more than seven times as much crowded housing (Beck77). These statistics are astonishing and represent the essence of the impact of illegal immigration on America. The following statement by Lydia Anderson exemplifies the effects of illegal immigrants and the discourtesy they have for America Whether they take jobs or burden our social services, however, the move influx of illegal immigrants promotes disrespect for the law and seriously limits our ability to control out immigration po licy. Illegal immigration from Mexico is a problem and must be stopped using different means of prevention we can avoid any negative repercussions on Mexico and the U.S. It is an economic drain on the U.S. and it is degrading the narrow of American society as a whole. Frank Sharry, of the liberal National Immigration Forum has said, There is virtually a national consensus that illegal immigration is a problem. With this in mind, in a few years, there will be new policies implemented that will virtually wipe out illegal immigration, mainly focused on preventing illegal aliens from acquiring jobs.

Poetry Comparison on The Flea and To His Coy Mistress Essay -- Papers

Poetry Comparison on The Flea and To His Coy Mistress I would firstly like to acquire on The Flea. This poem is about a man that is trying to persuade a womanhood to have sex with him, by symbolically using a flea. The content of the poem is in truth much the same throughout the whole of the poem. In the first stanza, the poet is basically talking about how the flea represents their coming together and in the last two stanzas the poet tries to then persuade the woman to have sex by using different tactics like guilt etc. To the end of the warrant stanza the woman whom is being seduced, kills the flea and is clearly stating that she will not go to bed with the poet. Following this he tries to tell her that it is cruel and unjust and a sin against God, and what she has through with(p) is wrong and there is also nothing wrong with sex before marriage. The poem is set in the seventeenth century and I think the poet feels very strongly about what he is s aying, and takes it very seriously. I also think that the poem works very well with its comparison to the flea, and I think that the germ has been very clever in what he has said. Secondly, I would like to talk about To his Coy Mistress. This poem is very much the same as The Flea and has some(prenominal) similarities. Again the poem is based upon a man trying to get a woman to go to bed with him, and is too set in the 17th century. The poem is split into three stanzas and each of them differs from the next, although still trying to get across the same message. In the first verse the poet is trying to flatter the woman by using complimentary language and words such as, a hundred years should go to pra... ...s he proves to be less than adequate shimmying in & out every other day as though he owned the place. He shows interest in only one thing and expects her to do all the work and weave the means of her own escape. She is patient and encouraging at fi rst, holding out hope that she might be able to guide him towards something at least a little closer to her idea of what a man should be like. However, he fails completely in this respect and she ends up speechless with thwarting and tears herself in two. I think all in all when grapple is concerned in poetry nowadays it is a bit of a mockery and no one ever takes it that seriously. People think that love is something to be laughed at and never something to be admired. So I think love poems have changed a lot, although there are still some poets who have the right idea.